Disk space. There’s never enough. Whilst preping my Inspiron 3800 for its new 20GB Toshiba 4500 RPM disk I thought I’d play around some with disk imaging. Playing with partition images is boring, so let’s spice it up!
To start, you will want an exact image of a disk; Preferably one with filesystems you have support available for in your kernel, but any will do. As always,
dd
is your friend.
To obtain my disk image, I simply issued:
rachael:# dd if=/dev/hda of=/mnt/nebula/hda_dd.image 4757130+0 records in 4757130+0 records out
You can’t simply mount a disk with the loopback device, however. You need some additional information. You will want to fetch a copy of the partition table, including the all important cylinder number we will use later. Invoke the magic of fdisk:
rachael:/home/jasonb# fdisk -l Disk /dev/hda: 4871 MB, 4871301120 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 592 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 463 3719016 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/hda2 464 592 1036192+ 5 Extended /dev/hda5 464 479 128488+ 82 Linux swap /dev/hda6 480 592 907641 83 Linux
Later, you can use this information to verifiy your image is sane.
is quite effective for this task, too. You will need the cylinder number you obtained earlier either from
fdisk
, as shown above, or via some other means. (The ‘C’ option to fdisk is relatively recent. v2.11z has it; v2.11n that shipped with RedHat 7.3 does not. You can specify this from within
fdisk
by loading the image and using the e’x'pert mode and specifying the ‘c’ option from there.)
faith:/home/jasonb# fdisk -C 592 /nebula/hda_dd.image Command (m for help): p Disk /nebula/hda_dd.image: 0 MB, 0 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 592 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /nebula/hda_dd.image1 * 1 463 3719016 7 HPFS/NTFS /nebula/hda_dd.image2 464 592 1036192+ 5 Extended /nebula/hda_dd.image5 464 479 128488+ 82 Linux swap /nebula/hda_dd.image6 480 592 907641 83 Linux
Looks familiar, no? If all went well, it should be identical to the image yanked from the original disk.
Now, the fun begins. There are three ways to mount partitions from the image. You can simply use the stock kernel’s loopback device, an enhanced loopback device offered by NASA, or extract the partition from the image and mount that directly with the loopback device. In all instances, the loopback device is the final destination. The journey varies with each, however. Let’s look at the former most approach first.
The simplest method, you mount the partition of your choice from within the image. You will need to specify an offset for the loopback device into the image file. You can obtain this number by running fdisk against the image to obtain the starting and ending sectors for each partition. (Again, the -C option is only available in very recent versions of fdisk, like 2.11z.)
faith:/home/jasonb# fdisk -l -u -C 592 /nebula/hda_dd.image Disk /nebula/hda_dd.image: 0 MB, 0 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 592 cylinders, total 0 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /nebula/hda_dd.image1 *63 7438094 3719016 7 HPFS/NTFS /nebula/hda_dd.image2 7438095 9510479 1036192+ 5 Extended /nebula/hda_dd.image5 7438158 7695134 128488+ 82 Linux swap /nebula/hda_dd.image6 7695198 9510479 907641 83 Linux
The offset must be specified in bytes, so now you must take the starting offset, in this instance 63, and multiply it by 512 bytes. From this we obtain 32256. (This assumes 63 sectors per track and 512 bytes per sector.) The file system type in this case is NTFS, so let us mount this partition from within the image using the usual loopback method.
faith:/usr/src#mount -o loop,offset=32256 \ -t ntfs /nebula/hda_dd.image /mnt faith:/usr/src# ls /mnt AUTOEXEC.BAT boot.ini CONFIG.SYS Corel Documents and Settings IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS NTDETECT.COM ntldr PUTTY.RND Program Files pagefile.sys RECYCLER System Volume Information WINNT
If you are using
util-linux
prior to version 2.12b, specifying an offset that required more than 32-bits was not possible. If you have
util-linux
2.12b or newer, you can safely skip the next few sections. (You may still wish to extract individual partitions from your disk image using
dd
discussed at the end of this guide.)
Attempting to mount my ext3 partition near the end of the disk with a 2.11 version of
util-linux
yields (7695198 * 512 = 3939941376):
faith:/usr/src#mount -o loop,offset=3939941376 \ -t ext3 /nebula/hda_dd.image /mnt mount: wrongfstype, badoption, badsuperblockon /dev/loop0, or too many mounted file systems
Fortunately, we aren’t done yet. The second method utilizes a loopback device designed to mount partitions within the image without an offset limitation. In fact, no offset need be specified at all.
As this was written back in 2004, I do not believe the NASA loopback patch is still around.
You will need to patch your kernel to use the enhanced loopback device. This patch alters the way the loopback device works. You will no longer be able to mount partitions via the loopback device beyond
/dev/loop0
. If you use
/dev/loop[1-7]
this could be a show stopper for you; Check out the last method.
The patch is currently available against 2.4.20 and 2.4.21 prepatch 4. You will need to fetch the patch from NASA HQ’s public FTP server. It’s the
enhanced_loop-x.x-linux-2.4.x-xfs.patch
file located there. You can also fetch the XFS patch for 2.4.21-pre4 and the 2.4.21-pre4 patch itself as of this writing. I used 2.4.21-pre4 with Alan Cox’s -ac7. For convenience, a patched kernel ready for compiling is also available.
faith:/usr/src/linux-2.4.20# patch \ -p1 < ../enhanced_loop-0.2-linux-2.4.21-pre4-xfs.patch patching file drivers/block/loop.c patching file Makefile Hunk # 1 FAILED at 1. 1 out of 1 hunk FAILED -- saving rejects to file Makefile.rej
Don‘t worry about the
Makefile
reject; It’s just the
EXTRA_VERSION
variable. (That’s because I used -ac7.)
Now, recompile your kernel in the usual way (I use Debian GNU/Linux’s
make-kpkg
command) and make sure you enable the loopback device if it isn’t already. When that task is complete, reboot with your shiny new kernel.
To accomodate the enhanced loopback device, some new entries need to be created in
/dev
. A script named createdev is available to handle that task for you, and it can be run at start up if you’re running devfs to recreate the entries for you at boot. You can fetch the script from NASA HQ. You may need to comment out the sourcing of the RedHat functions within the script if you aren’t on a RedHat based distribution, like Debian. By default the script will create enough entries in
/dev
for a fifteen disks with up to fifteen partitions. You can adjust that to your requirements within the script. It will blow away any existing
/dev
entries it has added if you change configurations, so you need not tend to them yourself.
faith:/nebula# vi createdev faith:/nebula# bash createdev start faith:/nebula#
Once you’ve run the script, you should find a entries like the following in your
With the kernel up and running, you also need to acquire a modified copy of
losetup
, the loopback setup program. If you’re running an RPM based distribution, you’re in luck. You can fetch the modified losetup by making another journey to NASA HQ’s FTP server. Rebuild it with
rpmbuild -bb
and install. If you’re running Debian GNU/Linux, as I am, you can install the rpm package with the usual
apt-get
command. Then, you could either build the RPM package and use
alien
to convert it to a Debian package or use
rpm2cpio
to create a
cpio
archive of the RPM. For the latter, you can extract the source from the resultant
Last, you can use dd to extract the partition of interest manually and then mount it via loopback. Again, the assumption of 512 bytes per sector is assumed here. As explained in Brian Carrier’s March 15th Sleuth Kit Informer column, Splitting The Disk, we can pass
dd
the starting sector of the partition in question and calculate the size and allow it to extract it for us. For example, let’s extract my ext3 partition, then mount it on loopback.
We pass
dd
bytes at a time size (bs option) of 512. Next, we pass it the starting sector of my ext3 partition from the
fdisk
output above, 7695198, as the number of blocks to skip ahead in the image. Last, we calculate the size as explained in the Sleuth Kit Informer above by taking the starting and ending sectors of the partition, subtracting them, then adding one (9510479 - 7695198 + 1 = 1815282).
Ronald Woelfel raised an interesting question about a missing sector on partitions with an odd number of sectors, which was explained thusly by Brian Carrier of Sleuth Kit fame: ”The reason that you noticing the difference is likely because your linux system has the 2.4 kernel, which has a bug when accessing disk or partitiondevices. If a partition or disk has an odd number of sectors, the last sector is not read.”
faith:/home/jasonb# dd if=/nebula/hda_dd.image of=/nebula/test.image \ bs=512 skip=7695198 count=1815282 1815282+0 records in 1815282+0 records out
Once dd completes, you can mount the image as you normally would:
faith:/home/jasonb#mount -o loop -t ext3 /nebula/test.image /mnt faith:/home/jasonb# ls /mnt bin dev home lib opt sbin var boot etc import lost+found proc tmp vmlinuz cdrom floppy initrd mnt root usr vmlinuz.old faith:/home/jasonb# umount /mnt
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Tags: Linux, Recortes
Disk space. There’s never enough. Whilst preping my Inspiron 3800 for its new 20GB Toshiba 4500 RPM disk I thought I’d play around some with disk imaging. Playing with partition images is boring, so let’s spice it up!
Obtaining a Disk Image
To start, you will want an exact image of a disk; Preferably one with filesystems you have support available for in your kernel, but any will do. As always,
is your friend.
To obtain my disk image, I simply issued:
You can’t simply mount a disk with the loopback device, however. You need some additional information. You will want to fetch a copy of the partition table, including the all important cylinder number we will use later. Invoke the magic of fdisk:
Later, you can use this information to verifiy your image is sane.
Verifying the Sanity of Your Image
is quite effective for this task, too. You will need the cylinder number you obtained earlier either from
, as shown above, or via some other means. (The ‘C’ option to fdisk is relatively recent. v2.11z has it; v2.11n that shipped with RedHat 7.3 does not. You can specify this from within
by loading the image and using the e’x'pert mode and specifying the ‘c’ option from there.)
Looks familiar, no? If all went well, it should be identical to the image yanked from the original disk.
Accessing Specific Partitions in the Image
Now, the fun begins. There are three ways to mount partitions from the image. You can simply use the stock kernel’s loopback device, an enhanced loopback device offered by NASA, or extract the partition from the image and mount that directly with the loopback device. In all instances, the loopback device is the final destination. The journey varies with each, however. Let’s look at the former most approach first.
Mounting with a Specified offset
The simplest method, you mount the partition of your choice from within the image. You will need to specify an offset for the loopback device into the image file. You can obtain this number by running fdisk against the image to obtain the starting and ending sectors for each partition. (Again, the -C option is only available in very recent versions of fdisk, like 2.11z.)
The offset must be specified in bytes, so now you must take the starting offset, in this instance 63, and multiply it by 512 bytes. From this we obtain 32256. (This assumes 63 sectors per track and 512 bytes per sector.) The file system type in this case is NTFS, so let us mount this partition from within the image using the usual loopback method.
If you are using
prior to version 2.12b, specifying an offset that required more than 32-bits was not possible. If you have
2.12b or newer, you can safely skip the next few sections. (You may still wish to extract individual partitions from your disk image using
discussed at the end of this guide.)
Attempting to mount my ext3 partition near the end of the disk with a 2.11 version of
yields (7695198 * 512 = 3939941376):
Fortunately, we aren’t done yet. The second method utilizes a loopback device designed to mount partitions within the image without an offset limitation. In fact, no offset need be specified at all.
Mounting with a Special Patch
You will need to patch your kernel to use the enhanced loopback device. This patch alters the way the loopback device works. You will no longer be able to mount partitions via the loopback device beyond
. If you use
this could be a show stopper for you; Check out the last method.
The patch is currently available against 2.4.20 and 2.4.21 prepatch 4. You will need to fetch the patch from NASA HQ’s public FTP server. It’s the
file located there. You can also fetch the XFS patch for 2.4.21-pre4 and the 2.4.21-pre4 patch itself as of this writing. I used 2.4.21-pre4 with Alan Cox’s -ac7. For convenience, a patched kernel ready for compiling is also available.
Don‘t worry about the
reject; It’s just the
variable. (That’s because I used -ac7.)
Now, recompile your kernel in the usual way (I use Debian GNU/Linux’s
command) and make sure you enable the loopback device if it isn’t already. When that task is complete, reboot with your shiny new kernel.
To accomodate the enhanced loopback device, some new entries need to be created in
. A script named createdev is available to handle that task for you, and it can be run at start up if you’re running devfs to recreate the entries for you at boot. You can fetch the script from NASA HQ. You may need to comment out the sourcing of the RedHat functions within the script if you aren’t on a RedHat based distribution, like Debian. By default the script will create enough entries in
for a fifteen disks with up to fifteen partitions. You can adjust that to your requirements within the script. It will blow away any existing
entries it has added if you change configurations, so you need not tend to them yourself.
Once you’ve run the script, you should find a entries like the following in your
directory:
With the kernel up and running, you also need to acquire a modified copy of
, the loopback setup program. If you’re running an RPM based distribution, you’re in luck. You can fetch the modified losetup by making another journey to NASA HQ’s FTP server. Rebuild it with
and install. If you’re running Debian GNU/Linux, as I am, you can install the rpm package with the usual
command. Then, you could either build the RPM package and use
to convert it to a Debian package or use
to create a
archive of the RPM. For the latter, you can extract the source from the resultant
archive and compile:
You may wish to edit the
, which sticks things in
by default. I changed it to
and added
as the path for the
variable. It originally had no value at all, but is later used when installing the
binary, which would instead end up in your
directory. Oops.
Now, let’s test drive our new loopback device.
Nifty, eh?
Mounting by First Extracting the Partition
Last, you can use dd to extract the partition of interest manually and then mount it via loopback. Again, the assumption of 512 bytes per sector is assumed here. As explained in Brian Carrier’s March 15th Sleuth Kit Informer column, Splitting The Disk, we can pass
the starting sector of the partition in question and calculate the size and allow it to extract it for us. For example, let’s extract my ext3 partition, then mount it on loopback.
We pass
bytes at a time size (bs option) of 512. Next, we pass it the starting sector of my ext3 partition from the
output above, 7695198, as the number of blocks to skip ahead in the image. Last, we calculate the size as explained in the Sleuth Kit Informer above by taking the starting and ending sectors of the partition, subtracting them, then adding one (9510479 - 7695198 + 1 = 1815282).
Ronald Woelfel raised an interesting question about a missing sector on partitions with an odd number of sectors, which was explained thusly by Brian Carrier of Sleuth Kit fame: ”The reason that you noticing the difference is likely because your linux system has the 2.4 kernel, which has a bug when accessing disk or partition devices. If a partition or disk has an odd number of sectors, the last sector is not read.”
Once dd completes, you can mount the image as you normally would:
Robado de | wiki.edseek.com/
Tags: Linux, Recortes
Para que no se me olvide..
Tags: Linux, Recortes
Y para hacer exactamente lo contrario que hicimos al crear el backup, osea restauralo :
(notese el signo menor que)
nos preguntará nuestro password y listo!!. Mucho mejor que andar lidiando con phpmyadmin
Tags: MySQL, Recortes
Para hacer un backup de nuestra base de datos simplemente necesitamos ejecutar
nos preguntará nuestro password y listo, backup listo. Mucho mejor que andar lidiando con phpmyadmin
Tags: MySQL, Recortes